ABSTRACT:
The Belt rotates regenerate cycle is new method of moving and it is the arrangement of mechanical parts system and electrical part system. Motion of cycle from one place to another place will done by human effort. In this cycle the frame is totally modified and placed belt between two wheels. The belt rotation is connected to the motor driven by powerful battery. This cycle is robust design and balanced. This vehicle saves fuel in the globally and no emission produced. This cycle is completed pollution-free vehicle. This cycle used also health fitness. We importune to build vehicle that is faster than walking and easier to ride.
KEY WORDS:
Chassis
D.C. motor
Battery
Gears
Bearings
Tread belt
Pollution free Bike
CONTENTS
Page No.
1. Introduction 1-2
2. Problem Statement 3
3. Objectives 4
4. Literature Survey 5-6
5. Air pollution 6-16
5.1.1. Fig. Industrial smoke 8
5.1.2 Fig. Two wheeler emits the smoke heavy 8
Particles
5.1.3 Fig. Auto rickshaw releases lots amount of 9
Smoke to the air
5.1.4. Fig. Four wheelers releases lots amount of 9
Smoke to the air
5.1.5. Fig. Nuclear pollution 10
5.2. Types of Pollutants 10
5.3. Causes of Air pollution 11
5.4. Effects of Air pollution 12
5.5. Pollution cities 14
5.5.1. Fig. Air pollution levels in different countries 15
5.5.2. Fig. Air pollution, Schools and Health Care Seen 16
as Growing Problems
6. Prehistory of Cycles 17-18
6.1 Fig. Wooden draisine (around 1820) the 18
Earliest two wheeler
7. Belt rotate regenerate cycle 19-43
7.1.1. Belt rotates regenerate cycle model 19
7.2 Components of Belt Rotate Regenerate Cycle 21
7.3 Chassis Frame 22
7.3.1. Fig. Chassis frame with belt include 22
7.4 Tread Belt 23
7.4.1. Fig. Tread belt 23
7.4.2. Fig. Tread Rollers 27
7.5 Bearings 28
7.5.1. Fig. 6202-2RS 6202-ZZ Radial Ball Bearing 15x35x11 28
7.6 Gears 31
7.6.1. Fig. Spur Gear 32
7.6.2. Fig. Cycle Gears 34
7.7 Brushless D.C. Motor 35
7.7.1. Fig. D.C. motor 35
7.7.2. Fig. The brushes in a conventional D.C motor might 38
causes parking as shown
7.7.3. Fig. The Rotor of a BLDC is a permanent magnet; 39
the stator has a winding arrangement
7.7.4. Fig. The coil arrangement in a BLDC is shown here, 40
with different color for different coils
7.7.5. Fig. The coil energized by a DC power source 40
becomes an electromagnet
7.7.6. Fig. The rotor moves towards the energized coil, due 41
to the attractive force
7.7.7. In a BLDC, as the rotor nears the energized coil, the next 42
coils is energized; this will make the rotor continuously rotate
7.7.8. Fig. The DC voltage required in each coil is shown in 43
this graph
8. Rechargeable Battery 44
8.1. Fig. Exide power safe plus battery 44
8.2. Features 46
9. Selection of Materials 48
9.1. Mild steel 49
9.2. Nylon rubber fabric 52
9.3. PVC (polyvinylchloride) 53
10. Advantages of Belt Rotates Regenerate Cycle 54-56
11. Convenient 57
12. Future Improvements 58
13. Conclusion 59
14. References 60
1
1. INTRODUCTION:
It is very important that one is both physically and mentally fit. Exercising plays a vital role in our lives. It helps us in staying physically fit. Out human body is designed to move. If we don’t walk or exercise daily then might easily get prone to different diseases overtime. The regular exercise helps to reduce our risk of developing or drying from some of the commonest diseases in the west such as stroke, heart disease, high blood pressure, heart attacks and diabetes, etc. Exercises are advised for health promotion and prophylaxis for many cardiovascular diseases and also for rehabilitation after an episode of disease. Among the exercises aerobic exercises are appropriate for these purposes. To do aerobic exercise many methods are available for example: running, jogging, walking, and others. Walking is one of the most basic forms of exercise that almost everyone can complete. Your joints and muscles are built to function and keeps your body moving, hence allowing you to walk. As people age, muscle strength decreases and exercises such as walking are a great way to help reverse the decline. In addition, walking helps circulate blood through the body and will help decrease inflammation around the area of the joint. Among different modes of exercises in the modern busy life, the cycling and treadmill exercises are the commonest to perform as indoor aerobic exercises. Exercise will help you in maintaining your weight. If you are overweight, you can easily lose weight by exercising as your calories will burn during your workout period.
Your muscles will develop and the metabolic rate of your body will be increased which will help you burning more calories than normal even if you’re not exercising. Exercise will also help in improvement of both oxygen level and blood flow in your body. The blood glucose levels of your body will also get controlled and exercising. Thousands of scientific papers have shown the immense psychological and physiological benefits of aerobic exercise, yet the allied Dunbar Insurance Fitness survey on the UK’s exercise habits revealed that only 20% of men and 11% of woman take enough exercise.Regular aerobic exercise is one of the most valuable yet underused techniques. We can use to help reduce stress and improve our psychological and physical wellbeing. Perhaps one of the reasons for exercise being so underused is that many people believe exercise has to be painful, difficult and uncomfortable in order for it to be effective and that you have to jog miles in order to for it reap the benefits.
The health benefits of exercise are well known. Many of the most accessible forms of exercise, such as walking, cycling, and running often occur outdoors. This means that exercising outdoors may increase exposure to urban air
2
pollution. Regular exercise plays a key role in improving some of the physiologic mechanisms and health outcomes that air pollution exposure may exacerbate. This problem presents an interesting challenge of balancing the beneficial effects of exercise along with the detrimental effects of air pollution upon health. This article summarizes the pulmonary, cardiovascular, cognitive, and systemic health effects of exposure to particulate matter, ozone, and carbon monoxide during exercise. It also summarizes how air pollution exposure affects maximal oxygen consumption and exercise performance. This article highlights ways in which exercisers could mitigate the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure during exercise and draws attention to the potential importance of land use planning in selecting exercise facilities.
This is not so, you need to remember to start slowly , gradually building-up your exercise tolerance with your eventual target being nearly 30 minutes of walking on the belt rotates regenerate cycle in a day.In motor driven treadmill exercise which is similarly to walking or jogging or running depending upon the speed of the treadmill motor is becoming more familiar to all. Thus we design belt rotate regenerate cycle. This is best alternative exercise equipment for normal treadmill exercise.
3
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Pollution is now a common term, that our ears are attuned to. We hear about the various forms of pollution and read about it through the mass media. Air pollution is one such form that refers to the contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside.
A physical, biological or chemical alternation to the air in the atmosphere can be termed as pollution. It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters to the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and humans to survive as their becomes dirty .When you think of air pollution, you likely think of human activities, such as coal-burning plants and emissions from cars, planes and boats.
But, air pollution also comes from natural sources. Air pollution is a problem because it can cause damage to animals, trees, plants, crops and water sources in the environment. Pollution in the air causes problems for aviation because it reduces visibility, while also being responsible for damaging buildings and other structures. Pollutants in the air can end up in natural water supplies that humans use for drinking, which can result in water that is toxic and unhealthy for humans to consume.
In our day to day life we see that many people’s use bikes cars as a source of transportation. This results in environmental pollution and fuel consumption. The vehicles release lots of pollutants to the air. This creates air pollution and noise pollution. For travelling over short distances people often use a commercial vehicle which causes pollution and unnecessary wastage of fuel. So, we came to a solution for this type of problem by providing the concept of Belt rotate regenerate cycle.
4
3. OBJECTIVES:
1. To design and develop Belt rotates regenerate cycle. The belt rotate regenerate cycle is moving entirely different from the normal bicycle.
2. To upgrade a conventional health fitness walking cycle.
3. Increased use of fuel has resulted in increase of pollution and degradation of natural resources. With increasing population and their need, it has become necessary to control the use of fuel and decrease the pollution in the earth. So important thing is that to reduce pollution and utilize the renewable energy resources. So as to make it avail it’s important to our coming generation.
4. To compare the normal bicycle and belt rotate regenerate cycle characteristics and evaluate scope.
5. Pollution control.
5
4. LITURATURE SURVEY:
"Physical activity," "exercise," and "physical fitness" are terms that describe different concepts. However, they are often confused with one another, and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. This paper proposes definitions to distinguish them. Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness. Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related. The degree to which people have these attributes can be measured with specific tests. These definitions are offered as an interpretational framework for comparing studies that relate physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness to health. A new continuous treadmill protocol (USAFSAM) has been designed using a constant treadmillspeed (3.3 miles/hour) and regular equal increments in treadmill grade (5 percent/3 min).Theconstant treadmill speed requires only initial adaptation in patient stride, reduces technicianadjustments and produces less electrocardiographic motion artifact than do protocols using multipleor higher treadmill speeds, or both. The regular equal increments in treadmill grade are easy toimplement and provide a larger number of workloads than do protocols that are discontinuous orrequire larger changes in work load.
In this paper, an experimental validation of the lateral dynamics of a bicycle running on a treadmill is presented. From a theoretical point of view, bicycling straight ahead on a treadmill with constant belt velocity should be identical to bicycling on flat level ground with constant forward speed. However, two major differences remain: first, stiffness’s of the contact of the tire with the belt compared to the contact on flat level ground; second, the belt velocity is fixed with respect to the world, irrespective of the change in heading of the bicycle on the treadmill. The admissibility of these two differences is checked by comparing experimental results with numerical simulation results. The numerical simulations are performed on a three-degree-of-freedom benchmarked bicycle model.
Exercise is inevitable to keep health in good status. There are few scientific studies to show the differences between different types of exercises in health
6
and disease. In our study we compared the treadmill exercise and bicycle ergometer exercise and their effect on maximum heart rate attained, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in twenty one healthy volunteer aged between eighteen to twenty years. We recorded these subjects’ blood pressure before exercise and after exercise; heart rate before exercise, during exercise and after exercise. Also we enlisted the advantages and disadvantages of treadmill exercise and bicycle ergometer exercise, so that these two types of exercise can be appropriately used for health promotion, diagnosis of diseases and for rehabilitation of the individuals.
7
5. AIR POLLUTION:
Air pollution is actually the addition of any harmful substances to the atmosphere, which causes the damaging of the environment, human health and the quality of life. With the development in industry, came along the increase in air pollution, which occurs inside homes, schools, offices even in the countryside. Consequently there has been an increase in the death rates resulting from various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollution does not only affect people but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animals are harmed as well. Air pollution has reached such a critical stage where it affects the earth's atmosphere as it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise in temperature which scientists refer to as ―global warming". As a result of this rise in temperature the world food supply and sea level will be affected, also there is the probability of increase in the tropical disease.
If we try to investigate the major sources of pollution, we realize that they stem out of human activities. Burning fossil fuels, natural gases, coal and oil, factories and motor vehicles all emit harmful substances. Among these harmful chemical compounds this burning adds to the atmosphere are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and solid particles called particulate. Between 1900 and 1970 the use of motor vehicles expanded which resulted 69% increase in the damaging pollutants in vehicle exhaust.
Another source of pollutant is the decomposing of garbage in landfills and solid waste disposal which emit methane gas, and many households’ products give off what is known as volatile organic chemicals (VOCs).
8
Fig5.1.1. Industrial smoke
Fig5.1.2. Two wheeler emits the smoke heavy particles
9
Fig5.1.3. Auto rickshaw releases lots amount of smoke to the air
Fig5.1.4. Four wheelers releases lots amount of smoke to the air
10
Fig5.1.5. Nuclear pollution
5.2. Types of Pollutants:
In order to understand the causes of Air pollution, several divisions can be made. Primarily air pollutants can be caused by primary sources or secondary sources. The pollutants that are a direct result of the process can be called primary pollutants. A classic example of a primary pollutant would be the sulfur-dioxide emitted from factories
Secondary pollutants are the ones that are caused by the inter mingling and reactions of primary pollutants. Smog created by the interactions of several primary pollutants is known to be as secondary pollutant.
11
5.3. Causes of Air pollution:
1. Burning of Fossil Fuels:
Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution. Pollution emitting from vehicles including trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause immense amount of pollution. We rely on them to fulfill our daily basic needs of transportation. But, there overuse is killing our environment as dangerous gases are polluting the environment. Carbon Monoxide caused by improper or incomplete combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another major pollutant along with Nitrogen Oxides, which is produced from both natural and man-made processes.
2. Agricultural activities:
Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. Use of insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. They emit harmful chemicals into the air and can also cause water pollution.
3. Exhaust from factories and industries:
Manufacturing industries release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality of air. Manufacturing industries can be found at every corner of the earth and there is no area that has not been affected by it. Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and various other chemicals that pollute the air and also cause land pollution.
12
4. Mining operations:
Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large equipment’s. During the process dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air pollution. This is one of the reasons which are responsible for the deteriorating health conditions of workers and nearby residents.
5. Indoor air pollution:
Household cleaning products, painting supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution. Have you ever noticed that once you paint walls of your house, it creates some sort of smell which makes it literally impossible for you to breathe. Suspended particulate matter popular by its acronym SPM, is another cause of pollution. Referring to the particles afloat in the air, SPM is usually caused by dust, combustion etc.
5.4. Effects of Air pollution:
1. Respiratory and heart problems:
The effects of Air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the body. Several millions are known to have died due to direct or indirect effects of Air pollution. Children in areas exposed to air pollutants are said to commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.
2. Global warming:
Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing due to Global warming. With increased temperatures worldwide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken soon.
13
3. Acid Rain:
Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.
4. Eutrophication:
Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants gets developed on sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affects fish, plants and animal species. The green colored algae that are present on lakes and ponds is due to presence of this chemical only.
.
5. Effect on Wildlife:
Just like humans, animals also face some devastating effects of air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.
14
5.5. Pollution cities:
The most world cities pollutes them the most shown below.
It’s not just Delhi.
The poisonous air pollution associated with the Indian capital is a country-wide epidemic, with major cities such as Bangalore recording dangerous levels of toxic particulate matter.
Air quality monitoring conducted early this month by Greenpeace India at major Bangalore landmarks – from Christ College to the Reserve Bank of India – has revealed PM10 readings massively in violation of national and international safety standards.
WHAT IS PM10?
Particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in size. Not as deadly as PM2.5 but still pretty bad. Often comes from factories and cars.
The dirtiest spot in the city, the busy Peenya junction, had peak pollution of nearly 1300 ug/m3 — 26 times what the World Health Organisation (WHO) considers safe, and 13 times India’s own pollution recommendation.
The junction’s average pollution reading over 8 hours was 252, which is still 5 and 2.5 times those same standards.
The other three spots investigated weren’t quite that bad, but Christ College on Honsur Road had a dangerously high average, and PM10 at the Reserve Bank on Nrupathunga Road peaked at over 1000 ug/m3.
15
Fig5.5.1. Air pollution levels in different countries
Earlier this year, whilst US President Obama was visiting his Prime Minister Modi, air pollution in Delhi was found to be twice as bad as in Beijing, and 9 times worse than the WHO’s standard.
There’s not nearly enough data
According to a WHO report late last year, 13 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world are in India — and Bangalore isn’t even one of them.
That analysis was based on PM2.5 data rather than PM10.
But despite the best efforts of international bodies like WHO, Indian air quality data is sparse.
In April of this year, the Modi government launched a National Air Quality Index (NAQI) in 10 cities and plans were made to beef up the monitoring systems in the country’s 46 most populated cities.
16
The initiative is actually being rolled out, but there a couple of noteworthy issues with the data being produced.
For one, the government said all cities covered under the NAQI should have at least 6 monitoring stations, but it’s nearly six months later and Delhi’s the only place meeting that target.
Bangalore, for instance, has just 3 stations capable of putting NAQI data online.
And for two, among Delhi’s 10 monitoring stations only 2 are giving real time data — on the 21st of September 4 of them were providing day-old data, 1 was offering data from 2 days earlier, and 3 had figures from months ago.
Fig5.5.2. Air pollution, Schools and Health Care Seen as Growing Problems
17
6. PREHISTORY OF CYCLES: The term bicycle dates from 1869. To answer a question as to who invented a bicycle is not easy. The first bicycle called Velocipede was built by the French nobleman Comte de Sivrac in 1791. It had two wheels, a saddle and was foot powered. Another bicycle was invented in 1817 in Germany by Baron Von Drais. It was made of wood and had a steerable front wheel without a pedal. This bicycle was first exhibited in Paris. A Scottish blacksmith named Kirkpatrick Macmillan made the first mechanical bicycle in1839. It was driven by pressing down the treadles that moved up and down and turned the back wheel. He was born in Coathill, Scotland in the year 1812. Born to a blacksmith he tried many jobs but finally settled down with his father. On seeing someone ride velocipede he decided to make one for himself and ended making a tremendous change by adding paddles to it. In England, in the year 1879 Henry John Lawson invented the first rear chain drive bicycle. In 1888 John Dunlop gave pneumatic tires and made the ride more comfortable and easier. There are about a billion bicycles in the world and its production is more than that of cars. Vehicles for human transport that have two wheels and require balancing by the rider date back to the early 19th century. The first means of transport making use of two wheels arranged consecutively, and thus the archetype of the bicycle, was the German Draisine dating back to 1817. The term bicycle was coined in France in the 1860s.
18
Fig6.1. Wooden draisine (around 1820) the earliest two wheeler
19
7. BELT ROTATES REGENERATE CYCLE:
Figure shows the model of belt rotates regenerate cycle. For movement of the walking on the belt cycle mechanism is provided. The belt rotate regenerate cycle is the combination of treadmill belt and cycle. Tread belt is fixed with a frame which consist of supportive rollers and two main rollers at extreme ends for movement of the belt.
Fig7.1.1. Belt rotates regenerate cycle model
On the tread belt rear roller is connected to the gear chain. The gear chain is connected to the another chain gear. The rear roller extremely fitted. User walk on the tread belt, it is moving clockwise direction rotation, but the gear moves counter-clock wise direction to connected free wheel. The rear wheel of cycle rotates counter-clockwise direction. The battery is placed at the left side of rear wheel.
20
The battery is now connected to the Dc motor and it operates by one switch connects to the between the battery and motor. While moves the vehicle it’s automatically balanced. User walks on the belt to switch on the battery.
The switch is provided for on or off of battery. When the user start walks switch on the battery and walks continuously .The user walks on the belt continuously, their muscles strong and burns energy to get more strength. The user breathes fresh air and relaxed. The gear mechanism is important factor should be considered for great efficient work on the vehicle. When he stopped the vehicle must switch off battery. And stand is provided for standing the vehicle.
The Tread belt rotates continuously user burns high amount of energy. It is regular exercise doing well u became strong muscles and recovery joints of legs. The vehicle is robust design and fabrication.
The belt rotates regenerate cycle consists of 11 rollers with robust structure. It carries total weight nearly 100kg. The vehicle works with more efficient than normal cycle. The vehicle moves in smooth line roads. User fully satisfied walking by this vehicle. The frame of this cycle is totally modified from other treadmill cycles. The length of this vehicle is around 2m.
21
7.2. COMPONENTS OFBELT ROTATE REGENERATE CYCLE:
Main components in belt rotate regenerate cycle are:
Frame
Tread belt
Tread rollers
Bearings
Gears
Brushless D.C. motor
Rechargeable battery
22
7.3. FRAME:
Material - Mild Steel.
As the standard available tread belt size is (1030*380) mm. Frame design is done according to the tread belt size.
As per space availability and clearance for reduction of friction, frame size is (1115*480) mm.
Frame consists of a 11 rollers, in which first and last roller is for movement of belt and other are supportive rollers. Rollers are fitted in frame by means of bush. The frame as shown in the given figure.
Fig7.3.1. Chassis frame with belt include
23
7.4. TREAD BELT:
The tread belt as shown in the given below.
Fig7.4.1.Tread belt
24
The most important differences in belts are length, width, and ply. Length
Treadmill users who will just be walking and those who have short legs don't need belts as long as the belts needed runners and taller people. When a belt is too short, the user's stride will feel cramped and this may cause the user to unintentionally hit their feet on the front of the treadmill. Slow joggers will do best with a belt at least 50'long. Faster runners and people over 6' 2 will do better with even longer belts. The longest belts available are about 6' 3.
Width
Belts that are too narrow can cause the users feet to hit the side of the treadmill. This can cause the user to have to concentrate too much on foot placement. Runners and heavy people need wider belts than walkers and thin people. Runners will want a belt at least 18' wide. Treadmills with wider belts become difficult to fit through doorways. The heaviest people should look for the widest belt they can afford. Ply
Most home treadmills are made with a single ply (layer) belt. That is, it is one solid piece of rubber. Higher quality treadmills have belts made with two plys. 2 ply belts are quieter, offer a bit more cushioning, and have a bottom ply that is made of tougher material so the belt lasts longer.
The highest quality treadmills, found in gyms, have several plys. Other things to consider in belts are:
Orthopedic Belts
Some treadmill brands may also offer models with orthopedic tread belts. Such belts are designed to provide additional cushioning for people whose feet or
25
joints require it. A similar effect can usually be achieved by adjusting the treadmill’s cushioning to a softer setting. However, If changing the cushioning setting is insufficient to achieve the desired result, an orthopedic belt can be helpful. Orthopedic belt should only be used on machines with larger rollers, as orthopedic belts can produce substantially more heat than thinner belts and the larger rollers can keep this heat level down.
Lubrication
Most treadmills come with belts pre-lubricated at the factory, so that additional lubrication is unnecessary if the treadmill has been kept reasonably free of dust. However, after years of use, additional lubrication between the belt and rollers may help, as described in the user's manual for a particular model.
TREAD ROLLERS:
Tread mills are mills that use cylindrical rollers, either in opposing pairs or against flat plates, to crush or grind various materials, such as grain, ore, gravel, plastic, and others. Roller grain mills are an alternative to traditional millstone arrangements in gristmills. Roller mills for rock complement other types of mills, such as ball mills and hammer mills, in such industries as the mining and processing of ore and construction aggregate; cement milling; and recycling.
Types:
Two - roller mills
Four - roller mills
Five and six roller mills
26
Two-roller mills:
Two-roller mills are the simplest variety, in which the material is crushed between two rollers before it continues on to its final destination. The spacing between these two rollers can be adjusted by the operator. Thinner spacing usually leads to that material being crushed into smaller pieces.
Four-roller mills:
Four-roller mills have two sets of rollers. When using a four-roller mill to mill grain, the grain first goes through rollers with a rather wide gap, which separates the seed from the husk without much damage to the husk, but leaves large grits. Flour is sieved out of the cracked grain, and then the coarse grist and husks are sent through the second set of rollers, which further crush the grist without damaging the crusts. Similarly, there are three-roller mills, in which one of the rollers is used twice.
Five- and Six-roller mills:
Six-roller mills have three sets of rollers. When using this type of mill on grain, the first set of rollers crush the whole kernel, and its output is divided three ways: Flour immediately is sent out the mill, grits without a husk proceed to the last roller, and husk, possibly still containing parts of the seed, go to the second set of rollers. From the second roller flour is directly output, as are husks and any possible seed still in them, and the husk-free grits are channeled into the last roller. Five-roller mills are six-roller mills in which one of the rollers performs double-duty.
Fig7.4.2.Tread rollers
27
Width of the frame is 410 mm. So we choose length of rollers as 400mm. To reduce the friction of belt with frame 5 mm clearance is provided on both sides.
Front roller is of diameter 35mm and that of rear one have diameter 45mm. For easy and fast movement of belt some taper should be provided.
Rollers are connected to frame by using MS rod of diameter 10 mm. PVC bush are placed in front roller and ball bearings, which is use for light weight operation is used. Rear roller is directly welded to 10mm MS rod.
28
7.5. BEARINGS:
PFI ball bearings are available in single and double row configurations. Our ball bearings are electronically tested for low noise and vibration, and as such are suitable for use in alternators and fractional power electric motors.
TBBS only sells the highest quality radial ball bearings produced by high standard factories. Ideal for replacement and OEM applications.
Fig7.5.1.6202-2RS 6202-ZZ Radial Ball Bearing 15x35x11
29
Bearing Number Boundary dimensions(mm)* TBBS a B C 6202 15 35 11
This bearing coms in both a sealed and a shielded version. Please select between the two below. Select 2RS for a sealed bearing or ZZ for a shielded bearing.
This bearing can be found with the following part numbers on it: 6202-2RS, 6202 2RS, 6202 RS, 6202RS, 6202-ZZ, 6202 ZZ, 6202ZZ, 6202 Z
The 6202-2RS and 6202-ZZ is a 15mm ball bearing that is found in many applications. The 6202-2RS ball bearing has two contact rubber seals one on each side of the ball bearing. The 6202-ZZ ball bearing has two non-contact metal shields one on each side of the ball bearing. If your application requires a 6202 ball bearing with only one seal or shield you can get this ball bearing and take one of the shields or seals off. This 15mm inch ball bearing is high quality and can take electric motor demands if needed.
The suffix “2RS” signifies the bearing is sealed, with rubber, on both sides. The suffix “ZZ” signifies the bearing is shielded, with metal, on both sides. Generally speaking, shielded bearings are more practical incleaner, high-speed applications, while the sealed bearings are more practical for applications of slower speeds and dirtier environments.
30
Common applications for radial ball bearings include food processing, food and beverage industry, photo processing, appliances, furniture industry, marine applications, chemical and electroplating industries, paint and dye, textile industries, automotive, motorcycles, pumps, fans, water treatment, pharmaceutical industry and many other industrial applications.
Features of Radial Ball bearings:
Single Row Radial Ball Bearing
Made of Chrome Steel
Pre-lubricated with grease
Double non-contact Seals with rubber
31
7.6. Gears
Gears are toothed members which transmit power / motion between two shafts by meshing without any slip. Hence, gear drives are also called positive drives. In any pair of gears, the smaller one is called pinion and the larger one is called gear immaterial of which is driving the other.
When pinion is the driver, it results in step down drive in which the output speed decreases and the torque increases. On the other hand, when the gear is the driver, it results in step up drive in which the output speed increases and the torque decreases.
Classification of Gears:
Classification of gears can be done according to the relative position of the axes of revolution into three types. They are:
1. Gears for parallel Shafts
Spur Gears
Helical Gears
Herringbone Gears
Rack and Pinion
2. Gears for Intersecting Shafts
Straight Bevel Gears
Spiral Bevel Gears
3. Gears for Skew Shafts
Hypoid Gears
Worm Gears
32
7.6.1. Spur Gears Used In Project:
Spur gears have their teeth parallel to the axis and are used for transmitting power between two parallel shafts. They are simple in construction, easy to manufacture and cost less. They have highest efficiency and excellent precision rating. They are used in high speed and high load application in all types of trains and a wide range of velocity ratios. Hence, they find wide applications right from clocks, household gadgets, motor cycles, automobiles, and railways to aircrafts.
Fig7.6.1. Spur Gear
Advantages of Spur Gear:
1. Spur gears have high power transmission efficiency.
2. They are compact and easy to install.
3. They offer constant velocity ratio.
4. Unlike belt drives, spur gear drives have no slip.
5. Spur gears are highly reliable.
6. They can be used to transmit large amount of power (of the order of 50,000 kW).
33
Disadvantages of Spur Gear:
1. Spur gear drives are costly when compared to belt drives.
2. They have a limited center distance. This is because in a spur gear drive, the gears should be meshed and they should be in direct contact with each other.
3. Spur gears produce a lot of noise when operating at high speeds.
4. They cannot be used for long distance power transmission.
5. Gear teeth experience a large amount of stress.
Applications of Spur Gear:
Spur gears have a wide range of applications. They are used in:
1. Metal cutting machines
2. Power plants
3. Marine engines
4. Mechanical clocks and watches
5. Fuel pumps
6. Washing Machines
7. Gear motors and gear pumps
8. Rack and pinion mechanisms
9. Material handling equipments
10. Automobile gear boxes
11. Steel mills
12. Rolling mills
Fig7.6.2. Cycle Gears
34
Gear specifications:
Gear
Teeth
Gear1
33
Gear2
23
Gear3
31
Gear4
18
Gear4
18
35
7.7. BRUSHLESS D.C. MOTOR:
The brushless D.C. motor is shown in the given below fig.
Fig7.7.1.D.C. motor
36
Brushless DC electric motor (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as electronically commutated motors (ECMs, EC motors) are synchronous motors that are powered by a DCelectric source via an integrated inverter/switching power supply, which produces an AC electric signal to drive the motor. In this context, AC, alternating current, does not imply a sinusoidalwaveform, but rather a bi-directional current with no restriction on waveform.
Additional sensors and electronics control the inverter output amplitude and waveform (and therefore percent of DC bus usage/efficiency) and frequency (i.e. rotor speed).
The rotor part of a brushless motor is often a permanent magnet synchronous motor, but can also be a switched reluctance motor, or induction motor
Brushless motors may be described as stepper motors; however, the term "stepper motor" tends to be used for motors that are designed specifically to be operated in a mode where they are frequently stopped with the rotor in a defined angular position. This page describes more general brushless motor principles, though there is overlap.
A typical brushless motor has permanent magnets which rotate around a fixed armature, eliminating problems associated with connecting current to the moving armature. An electronic controller replaces the brush/commutator assembly of the brushed DC motor, which continually switches the phase to the windings to keep the motor turning. The controller performs similar timed power distribution by using a solid-state circuit rather than the brush/commutator system.
Brushless motors offer several advantages over brushed DC motors, including high torque to weight ratio, more torque per watt (increased efficiency), increased reliability, reduced noise, longer lifetime (no brush and commutator erosion), elimination of ionizing sparks from the commutator, and overall reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to centrifugal forces, and because the windings are supported by the housing, they can be cooled by conduction, requiring no airflow inside the motor for cooling. This in turn means that the motor's internals can be entirely enclosed and protected from dirt or other foreign matter.
Brushless motor commutation can be implemented in software using a microcontroller or microprocessor computer, or may alternatively be implemented in analogue hardware, or in digital firmware using an FPGA.
37
Commutation with electronics instead of brushes allows for greater flexibility and capabilities not available with brushed DC motors, including speed limiting, "micro stepped" operation for slow and/or fine motion control, and a holding torque when stationary. Controller software can be customized to the specific motor being used in the application, resulting in greater commutation efficiency.
The maximum power that can be applied to a brushless motor is limited almost exclusively by heat; too much heat weakens the magnets and may damage the winding's insulation.
When converting electricity into mechanical power, brushless motors are more efficient than brushed motors. This improvement is largely due to the frequency at which the electricity is switched determined by the position sensor feedback. Additional gains are due to the absence of brushes, which reduces mechanical energy loss due to friction. The enhanced efficiency is greatest in the no-load and low-load region of the motor's performance curve. Under high mechanical loads, brushless motors and high-quality brushed motors are comparable in efficiency. Environments and requirements in which manufacturers use brushless-type DC motors include maintenance-free operation, high speeds, and operation where sparking is hazardous (i.e. explosive environments) or could affect electronically sensitive equipment.
Working:
The working of D.C. motor working diagram as shown in the figure.
In order to make the operation more reliable, more efficient, and less noisy the recent trend has been to use brushless D.C (BLDC) motors. They are also
38
lighter compared to brushed motors with the same power output. This article gives an illustrative introduction on the working of BLDC motors.
The brushes in conventional D.C motors wear out over the time and may cause sparking. This is illustrated in the Fig.1. As a result the conventional D.C motors require occasional maintenance. Controlling the brush sparking in them is also a difficult affair.
Fig7.7.2.The brushes in a conventional D.C motor might cause sparking as shown
Thus the brushed D.C motor should never be used for operations that demand long life and reliability.
Fort this reason and the other reasons listed in the introduction, BLDC motors are used in most of the modern devices. Efficiency of a BLDC motor is typically around 85-90%, whereas the conventional brushed motors are only 75-80% efficient. BLDC motors are also suitable for high speed applications (10000 rpm or above). The BLDC motors are also well known for their better speed control.
39
Basic Working:
The rotor and stator of a BLDC motor are shown in the Fig.2. It is clear that, the rotor of a BLDC motor is a permanent magnet.
Fig7.7.3. The Rotor of a BLDC is a permanent magnet; the stator has a winding arrangement
The stator has a coil arrangement, as illustrated; The internal winding of the rotor is illustrated in the Fig.3 (core of the rotor is hidden here). The rotor has 3 coils, named A, B and C.
40
Fig7.7.4. The coil arrangement in a BLDC is shown here, with different color for different coils
Out of these 3 coils, only one coil is illustrated in the Fig.4 for simplicity. By applying DC power to the coil, the coil will energize and become an electromagnet.
Fig7.7.5.The coil energized by a DC power source becomes an electromagnet
41
The operation of a BLDC is based on the simple force interaction between the permanent magnet and the electromagnet. In this condition, when the coil A is energized, the opposite poles of the rotor and stator are attracted to each other (The attractive force is shown in green arrow). As a result the rotor poles move near to the energized stator.
Fig7.7.6.The rotor moves towards the energized coil, due to the attractive force
42
As the rotor nears coil A, coil B is energized. As the rotor nears coil B, coil C is energized. After that, coil A is energized with the opposite polarity (compare the last part of Fig.6 with Fig.5).
Fig7.7.7. In a BLDC, as the rotor nears the energized coil, the next coils is energized; this will make the rotor continuously rotate
43
This process is repeated, and the rotor continues to rotate. The DC current required in the each coil is shown in the following graph.
Fig7.7.8.The DC voltage required in each coil is shown in this graph
44
8. RECHARGEABLE BATTERY:
The Rechargeable battery of bicycle as shown in the given figure.
Fig8.1. Exide power safe plus battery
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device.
When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device
45
composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to additionally include devices composed of a single cell.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries used in cars and trucks, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
o VRLA- AGM
o Exp. life: 300 - 400 cycles at 80% DOD
o Desired Life 3-5 years at 27 o C.
o Maintenance Free Battery
o Capacity – 12v, 12amh
46
8.2. Features:
Free from corrosion
Over partition welding
Free from inter cell weld failure
Thicker separator
ABS container with lid
Better aesthetics
Stronger and free from distortion
Brass terminal with lead coating
Better conductivity
Sealed Maintenance free: No need for checking electrolyte level and topping throughout its life. Sealed construction ensures no leakage of seepage of electrolyte from terminal or casing.
Eco Friendly:
The unique gas recombination technology effectively nullifies generation of gas during normal use. It is totally eco-friendly, ensuring clean and safe environment.
Minimal Voltage Drop:
Since battery emits no gases or fumes, it can be placed adjacent to the UPS system or other electronic equipment, ensuring minimal voltage drop between battery and equipment.
Free from Orientation Constraints:
The sealed construction with immobilized electrolyte allows the battery to be installed in any position, horizontal, vertical, sideways - without any effect on its performance.
47
Easy Handling-Easy Installation:
Light weight and compact. Modular construction, easy to install and easy to connect and commission.
No needs for elaborate Air exhaust system in conventional battery installations.
Applications:
Fire Alarm and Security System
Office Automation Equipment
EPABX and Electronic Weighing Scale
Telecommunication Equipment’s
UPS Systems
48
9. SELECTION OF MATERIALS:
The materials in the in this project are used to describing as follows:
Mild steel
Nylon rubber fabric
PVC (polyvinyl chloride).
49
9.1. Mild steel:
Mild Steel is one of the most common of all metals and one of the least expensive steels used. It is to be found in almost every product created from metal.
It is weldable, very durable (although it rusts), it is relatively hard and is easily annealed.
Having less than 2 % carbon it will magnetize well and being relatively inexpensive can be used in most projects requiring a lot of steel. However when it comes to load bearing, its structural strength is not usually sufficient to be used in structural beams and girders.
Most everyday items made of steel have some milder steel content. Anything from cookware, motorcycle frames through to motor car chassis, use this metal in their construction.
Because of its poor resistance to corrosion it must be protected by painting or otherwise sealed to prevent it from rusting. At worst a coat of oil or grease will help seal it from exposure, and help prevent rusting.
Being a softer metal it is easily welded. Its inherent properties allow electrical current to flow easily through it without upsetting its structural integrity. This is in contrast to other high carbon steels like stainless steel which require specialized welding techniques.
This mild variant of harder steel is thus far less brittle and can therefore give and flex in its application where a harder more brittle material would simply crack and break.
50
Properties of Mild Steel:
Here is a compilation of mild steel properties and its uses in various fields of technology.
The calculated average industry grade mild steel density is 7861.093 kg/m3. Its Young's modulus, a measure of its stiffness is around 210,000 MPa.
A moderate amount of carbon makes this steel different from other types. Carbon atoms get affixed in the interstitial sites of the iron lattice, making it harder and stronger. However, the hardness comes at the price of a decrease in ductility.
Compared to other types of steel, this type is ideal for welding purposes, as it conducts electric current effectively without tarnishing the metal surface in any way.
Mild steel has ferromagnetic properties, which make it ideal for manufacture of electrical devices and motors. It yields itself easily to magnetization.
Unlike other grades of carbon steel, which tend to be brittle, mild steel is hard, yet malleable, making it the ideal choice for the construction of pipelines, construction materials and many other daily use products like cookware.
Mild steel can be machined and shaped easily due to its inherent flexibility. It can be hardened with carburizing, making it the ideal material for producing a range of consumer products.
The high amount of carbon also makes it vulnerable to rust. Naturally, people prefer stainless over mild steel, when they want a rust free technology. It is also used in construction as structural steel, besides finding applications in the car manufacturing industry.
51
Detailed Description:
Useful width: up to 1,300 mm (more on request)
Throughput height: up to 350 mm (more on request)
Length of the heating zone: up to 10,000 mm
Atmosphere: Exogas or hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures
Temperatures: 500 - 1150°C
Heating: electrically or with gas
Advantages:
Transport device with conveyor belt or roller hearth
High capacity
No muffle required
Protective gas provided through partial combustion of a fuel gas (natural gas, propane, LPG) or a nitrogen/hydrogen mixture inside the furnace. Requires no separate protective gas generator from 850 °C upwards!
Saves energy through generation of protective gas inside the furnace
52
9.2. Nylon rubber fabric:
Nylon is made from polyamide fiber, derived from a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid that is formed into thin strands and woven into fabric. It is a synthetic fabric that utilizes the chemical by-products of coal, petroleum and agricultural products. Synthetic polymers give nylon fabrics a low absorbency rate ideal for swimwear, stockings and athletic clothing.
Nylon fabric is less expensive to produce than comparable fabrics. Nylon stockings make up the majority of the stocking industry, replacing more expensive silk stockings. The demand for affordable and low maintenance clothing creates new markets for nylon fabric each year.
Nylon fabric is very durable and resistant to heat and tears. It is popular for its versatility and low-maintenance properties. Nylon resists stains and maintains its shape after washing, reducing wrinkles and distortion. It also takes on dye better than other synthetic fabrics. The combined characteristics of nylon fibers make it ideal for fabric applications.
Characteristics:
Pleats and creases can be heat-set at higher temperatures
More compact molecular structure
Better weathering properties; better sunlight resistance
Softer "Hand"
High melting point (256 °C/492.8 °F)
Superior colorfastness
Excellent abrasion resistance
53
9.3. PVC (polyvinylchloride):
PVC is a normal impact, high corrosion resistant polyvinyl chloride. Because of its exceptional corrosion resistance, it is ideally suited for applications where maximum chemical resistance is necessary. Its high strength- to-weight ratio, cost efficiency, ease of fabrication and economic balance make it the material of choice.
PVC conforms to ASTM D -1784-95 Class 12454-B (Formerly Type I Grade 1) and is manufactured without the use of plasticizers or fillers. It can be used in self
-supporting construction up to 140º F (depending on chemistry). It exhibits excellent fire ratings (UL-94V -0) and has a flame spread under 20 per ASTM -E-84.
Strength - PVC combines tensile strength and stiffness for the toughest applications.
Chemical Resistance - PVC is resistant to most acids and alkali solutions.
Workability - PVC can be machined, cut, welded and glued for fabrication versatility.
Low Cost - PVC is an economical choice for fabricating equipment, tanks, pumps etc.
Consistency - PVC is extruded through most of the available gauges for dimensional consistency.
Flammability - PVC is self-extinguishing.
Advantages:
Processed by thermoplastic methods
Wide range of flexibility possible with varying levels of plasticizer
Plastisol processing possible
Non-flammable
Dimensional stability
Comparatively low cost
Good resistance to weathering
54
10. Advantages of Belt Rotates Regenerate Cycle:
This relatively easy piece of exercise equipment to use
It has a predictable surface that is much easier to negotiate than sidewalks, curbs or trails and the risk of tripping is reduced
All aspects of the workout can be controlled by the user: speed, incline, warm up period, cool down period, and energy spend
Generally, users can design custom programs to fit the time they have to exercise
Multiple users can use the same equipment without adjusting the structure
Some treadmills have special features such as step counters and heart rate monitors so fitness progress can be tracked
Running on a this vehicles generally burns calories faster than most other forms of in-home exercise, such as biking
1. Easy to Us
As far as exercise equipment goes, treadmills are one of the easiest to use. And if you’re the type of person who worries about uneven terrain or has trouble walking uphill, the treadmill’s surface is flat and predictable. You don’t have to worry about curbs, trails or sidewalks. Part of the reason why people love treadmills so much is because they’re easy to use.
2. Track Your Progress
Treadmills also let you track your progress. Most come with digital monitors that tell you important stats, like distance, calories burned heart rate and time. Some even let you create multiple users and save your stats, so you can see how much you’ve improved over time. Tracking your progress is important, especially if you’re working towards a weight loss goal.
55
3. Workout Programs
If you’re treadmill has a digital monitor, there’s a good chance it has built-in workout programs too. These workouts may vary your speed or incline throughout your workout to make your session more challenging.
Workout programs are great because they make your workouts fun and interesting.
4. Weight Loss
One of the most obvious benefits of using a treadmill is that it helps you lose weight. Running for just 20 minutes at 6mph will burn 229 calories. And if you can kick it up to 8mph, you’ll burn almost 300. If you combine your workout sessions with a healthy diet, you’ll reach your weight loss goals in no time.
It’s also possible to burn even more calories on a treadmill by following HIIT principles or using the machine’s incline. With HIIT, you alternate rounds of running/walking at a moderate pace with shorter rounds of running/walking at a much faster rate.
5. Improved Cardiovascular Health
Treadmills give a great cardiovascular workout and help improve heart health. Each time you step on a treadmill, you strengthen your heart. And as your heart grows stronger, you lower your blood pressure. Plus, the act of running or walking helps to get the blood flowing, which reduces the stress on your heart.
Aerobic exercise can also help reduce your bad cholesterol while raising your good cholesterol. With heart disease being the leading cause of death, it’s so important to take steps to improve your cardiovascular health.
56
6. Workouts don’t have to be a Chore
What’s the main reason people don’t exercise? Because they don’t have ―enough time‖. But most of us find time to watch TV each night, or read. A treadmill can make your workouts less of a chore because you can still do other things at the same time.
You can run on a treadmill while you’re watching TV. You can walk and read at the same time. You can listen to music during your workout. These are simple but effective ways to keep your workouts interesting. Instead of dreading your morning workout, you’ll look forward to it.
7. Improved Muscle Tone
Walking or running on a treadmill strengthens and tones your calves, buttocks and your quadriceps muscles. Using the incline feature will help tone your legs even more.
If you run without holding onto the handlebars, you can even tone up your arm muscles.
8. Improved Joint Flexibility
As a moderate-intensity exercise, treadmills help keep your joints flexible. And because you’re walking on a treadmill instead of hard pavement, you reduce the impact on your knees and joints. If you have arthritis, the treadmill is an excellent way to keep your joints loose and to prevent unwanted pain.
57
11. Convenient
Treadmills are a convenient way to make sure that you’re getting the exercise you need to stay healthy. With this one piece of equipment, you can exercise right in the comfort of your own home whenever you want.
No matter whether you’re trying to lose weight, build muscle or improve your heart health, a treadmill is a great piece of workout equipment to invest in. It’s convenient, easy to use and helps you track your progress.
The Tread belt rotates continuously user burns high amount of energy. It is regular exercise doing well u became strong muscles and recovery joints of legs. The vehicle is robust design and fabrication.
58
12. Future Improvements:
Walking bike has some advantages and some disadvantages. The main disadvantage of walking bike is its discharging battery. Due sudden discharge of battery in between of travelling leads to face many problems to overcome this disadvantage we can do some improvements in present model. To overcome this discharge problem we can install a solar panel to the system it will recharge the battery and continuous movement of walking bike can be possible. Solar panel is one of the simplest ways to charge the battery. Another way is generation of electricity by using dynamo generator. The mechanical energy generated by human due to walking on tread belt is converted to electrical energy by using dynamo generator. It will produce a small amount of energy. Small increment of energy in rechargeable battery will move the bike continuously.
59
13. Conclusion:
We developed our mechanical based project to approach the maximum profit for health fitness. It gives great relaxation good health. The main purpose of this project to used health fitness and reduces non- renewable energy sources.
The design of control architecture was an important aspect of study because a strong interaction between the many different parts was needed. We know that it has not much used for on roads due to some drawbacks, it is used for planar surface roads. But we will correct the drawbacks in the cycle & will be used on road. So we are satisfied with our project.
60
14. References:
1. Sr. Prof. Lecturer Shivaji Bhandarkar ―Vehicular Pollution, their effects on human health and mitigation measures‖ Vehicle Engineering (VE)
2. Prof. Pradeep M. Ingole and MukundManas ―Ergonomic design of bicycle handle.‖ International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering vol.5, pp. 472-481,April2015
3. Bhandari V.B., Design of machine elements, eighteenth edition, MC Graw -hill companies, 2003.
PSG design data, Coimbatore, first edition KalaikaikathirAchchagam, 2003.
4. JOSEPH V. WOODWORTH, Manufacturing processes, 1941
5. Jeff Lantrip, John G. Nee, David Alkire Smith, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Fundamentals of Design, Fifth Edition, 2003
http://energydesk.greenpeace.org/2015/09/24/india-air-pollution-the-air-in-bangalore-is-dangerously-dirty/
6.http://mechteacher.com/spur-gear-advantages-disadvantages-applications/#ixzz4b3ICDZwO